THE BASIS OF GLOBALIZATION OF TODAY WERE PUT DURING THE PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT,WHERE THE EUROPEAN IMPERIAL STATES WERE ENTERING AT A NEW ERA ,THAT ONE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION.
THE CHANGE OF PRODUCTION,TRADE AND CONSUMPTION WAYS,GUIDED HUMANITY IN A NEED FOR NEW POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS WHICH COULD SERVE BETTER PEOPLE’S RELATIONS.
SO FRENCH AND AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS ACTUALLY PUT AN END TO ARISTOCRACY’S FEUDALISM AND MERCANTILISM BY INTRODUCING ONE TYPE OF DEMOCRACY THE REPRESENTATIVE ONE,WHICH ALREADY HAD ITS PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION AT UK AND ITS THEORETICAL PARTIALLY AT ANCIENT ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY (DIRECT,LOT,SORT).
THE NEW(OLD) INSTITUTION BY SERVING MAINLY THE MIDDLE CLASSES BEGAN CREATING WEALTH AND PROSPERITY FOR THE NATIONS (A NEW-OLD TERM-IDEA),BASED ON THE THEORIES OF ADAM SMITH (THE THEORY OF MORAL SENTIMENTS,1759,WEALTH OF NATIONS,1776),WHO PUTS MORALITY DOWN TO THE LEVEL OF ECONOMY,BY INTRODUCING THE SYSTEM OF MARKETOCRACY AND HOMO-ECONOMICUS.
AS IT IS KNOWN AT OUR G(R)AIA’S LIFE TWO MAIN FORCES ARE GOVERNING THE PHENOMENA.SO ALMOST 100 YEARS AFTER ADAM SMITH’S ECONOMIC IDEAS WERE IMPLEMENTED,AT THE NEW BORN NATIONS,ANOTHER MATERIALISTIC,AS IT IS CALLED, THEORY WAS PRESENTED BY KARL MARX.
HIS IDEA CAME AS A NEED DUE TO TWO BASIC FACTS :
A)THE PROGRESSIVE ENLIGHTENMENT PERIOD IDEAS,HAD AN EVOLUTION IN SEVERAL SOCIALISTIC,ANARCHISTIC PHILOSOPHIES,WHICH WERE PROPOSING FREEDOM AND PROSPERITY FOR ALL HUMANS,TO WHICH CHRISTIANITY AND OTHER RELIGIONS HAD FAILED,IN DAILY PRACTICAL LIFE.
B)HARD CAPITALISTIC REGIMES WERE ESTABLISHED TO THE DEVELOPED INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES WHICH WERE DEPRESSING BY ANY MEANS HUMAN VALUES.
SO MARX EXAMINED THE PRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDUSTRY,LIKE ADAM SMITH DID,BY ANALYZING HIS POLITICAL IDEAS IN THE “COMMUNISTIC MANIFESTO ” 1848,AND THE ECONOMIC AT “Das Kapital” 1867.
HE RIGHTLY SAW THAT THE MAIN MOVING FORCE FOR THE PROGRESS OF THE NEW INDUSTRIALIZED WORLD OF HIS EPOQUE WAS THE WORKING LABOR CLASS.
SO BASED ON A MATERIALISTIC SYSTEM OF CLASSES,WHICH ARE ANTAGONIZING BETWEEN THEM (THE BACK OF THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM’S CONTRADICTION),FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF THE RUNNING AND STORED CAPITAL,IN ANY OF ITS FORMS,HE EVANGELIZED A FREE WORLD STEPPING ON THE ANCIENT VALUES OF THE COMMUNE.
BY HIS SOCIALISTIC PROPOSAL,ABOUT THE LEADING MOVING ROLE OF THE WORLD’S LABOR WORKERS,THROUGH THEIR OWNERSHIP TO THE PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL ASSETS AND BY THAT WAY,TO ALL OTHER HUMAN ACTIVITIES,HE PROMISED AN ERA OF COMMUNISM.
WITHIN A SPECIFIC PERIOD OF TIME THE PROLETARIAT SHOULD GOVERN IN A DICTATORSHIP REGIME THE WORLD’S STATES SO THAT THE PRODUCTS,THE SEVERAL PROPERTIES AND THE GOODS WERE GOING TO BE SHARED IN COMMON(COMMUNISM),BETWEEN ALL PEOPLE,ACCORDING TO THEIR NEEDS,HE CREATED A BALANCED IDEOLOGY TO THAT ONE OF ADAM SMITH’S.
SO IN THE END OF 19th CENTURY ,THERE WERE COMPETING TWO DIFFERENT POLITICAL-ECONOMICAL PHILOSOPHIES,THE CAPITALISTIC ONE AND THE SOCIALISTIC OTHER,WHICH LATER ON DIVIDED THE WORLDS STATES INTO TWO CAMPS THE PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACIES AND THE COMMUNISTIC REGIMES.
c-other classical political economy theories
APART FROM THE TWO THEORIES WHICH WERE WRITTEN MAINLY BY ADAM SMITH AND KARL MARX,ALSO CONTRIBUTED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CAPITALISTIC AND SOCIAL-COMMUNISTIC IDEAS ,SOME OTHER CLASSICAL ECONOMISTS.
DAVID RICARDO,WHO FORMED THE LAW OF COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE,WHICH MAINLY HAD TO DO WITH SPECIALIZATION IN PRODUCTION OF GOODS,BETWEEN THE TRADING PARTNERS.HIS WORK IS PRESENTED AT “THE PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY AND TAXATION ”
JEREMY BENTHAM WITH HIS BOOK “THE PRINCIPLES OF MORALS AND LEGISLATION” GAVE AN ETHICAL POINT OF VIEW TO THE PRESENTED ECONOMICAL THEORIES.HE IS THE FOUNDER OF UTILITARIANISM A THEORY WHICH MAIN PRINCIPLE WAS “the greatest good for the greatest number of people” OR “the greatest happiness principle” CALLED THE PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY.
CHARLES FOURIER,WROTE ABOUT THE UTOPIAN SOCIALISM,IN HIS WORK “Théorie des quatre mouvements et des destinées générales “,BEING ALSO THE FATHER OF FEMINISM.
SAINT SIMON BY HIS POLYGRAPHY,INFLUENCED LATER SOCIALIST THINKERS,BY HIS WORKS “L’Industrie”,”L’Organisateur”,”Du système industriel”,”Catéchisme des industriels”,”Nouveau Christianisme”.
PIERRE JOSEPH PRUNDON CONSIDERED TO BE ONE OF THE MOST INFLUENTIAL ANARCHIST WRITERS CALLED HIMSELF AS A FEDERALIST.HE WROTE “Qu’est-ce que la propriété? Recherche sur le principe du droit et du gouvernement”,”The Confessions of a Revolutionary “.
ANDERS CHYDENIUS CONSIDERED TO BE THE FOUNDER OF LIBERALISM BY HIS WORK “The National Gain”.
WE WOULD LIKE MENTIONING ALSO TO OUR SUMMARIZED PRESENTATION SOME VERY IMPORTANT FIGURES,LIKE THE ABOVE AND PREVIOUS MENTIONED WHO ALSO WORKED FOR THE PROGRESS OF THE MANKIND.FREDERICK MAURICE,JOHN GRAY,FERDINARD LASSALLE,EDUARD BERNSTEIN,FRIEDRICH ENGELS,KARL KAUTSKY,ROSA LUXEMBOURG,PLECHANOV GIORGI,MAX WEBER,GUSTAV DE MOLINARI,JOHN LAW AND LOTS OF OTHERS,WHO ARE MENTIONED AT REFERENCE SECTION.
e-the neo period
AS ENTERING TO THE 20TH CENTURY AND INDUSTRIALIZATION WAS DEVELOPING WITH TREMENDOUS RHYTHMS,ESPECIALLY IN USA,THE OLD MONARCHIC INSTITUTIONS AT EUROPE WERE FEELING THE THREAT OF THE COMING CHANGES,TO A MORE LOGICAL AND JUST DISTRIBUTION OF GOODS AND KNOWLEDGE. THE TWO WORLD WARS,EXPRESSING THE DEFENSE OF OLIGARCHIC IDEOLOGIES TO THESE CHANGES WHICH HUMANITY NEEDED, HAD AS A RESULT ON THE ECONOMIC FIELD,THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MARXIST AND NEOCLASSICAL,KEYNESIAN IDEAS AT THE GLOBE,WITH SOME EXCEPTIONS OF PROTECTIONISM. THE KEYNESIAN THEORIES(CLASSIC,POST,NEO),BASICALLY ARE EXAMINING ECONOMIES FROM A MACRO ENVIRONMENT, BY INTERFERING PUBLIC GUIDANCE,TOGETHER WITH PRIVATE SECTOR INTO MANAGEMENT OF ECONOMY ,FOLLOWING COUNTER-CYCLICAL FISCAL POLICIES (JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money 1936,MILTON FRIEDMAN). AT THE SAME TIME THEORIES HAVING THEIR FOUNDATIONS ON CLASSICAL ECONOMICS,COMBINED WITH RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY ,IN A MICROECONOMICS LEVEL,WERE DEVELOPING THE IDEA OF HOMO ECONOMICUS IN AN ECONOMETRIC OPTION ,FORMED THE NEO-CLASSICAL ECONOMICS (WILLIAM STANLEY JEVONS Theory of Political Economy (1871),THORSTEIN VEBEL Preconceptions of Economic Science,JOHN HICKS,STIGLER,JOAN ROBINSON The Economics of Imperfect Competition (1933) ...). THESE MIXED WITH THE KEYNESIAN IDEAS ARE STRUCTURING THE MODERN THOUGHTS ,CALLED THE NEO-CLASSICAL SYNTHESIS OF MAINSTREAM ECONOMICS (Economics of 1948, by Samuelson and Nordhaus). THE MARXISTS ON THE OTHER SIDE WERE DIVIDED IN MARXIST- LENIST,SOCIALISTIC,COMMUNISTIC,ETC IDEAS ,WHICH WERE IMPLEMENTED MAINLY TO THE NEW REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRATIC STATES,OR THESE OF THE SO CALLED SOCIALISTIC-COMMUNISTIC REGIMES,HAVING AS A MAIN IDEOLOGY THE TOTAL INFLUENCE AND GOVERNANCE OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LIFE FROM THE STATE. BEFORE THE COLLAPSE OF THE COMMUNISTIC REGIMES,AND MAINLY BEGINNING DURING NEW ECONOMIC POLICY AT USSR IMPLEMENTED BY LENIN (Karl Kautsky etc), NEO-MARXISTIC IDEAS WERE DEVELOPED AT WESTERN COUNTRIES (HERBERT MARKUZE,MARX WEBER,ANTONIO GRAMSCI..),WHICH RE-FOCUSED THE EVALUATION OF THE HUMAN'S LIFE FROM THE ECONOMIC PRODUCTION FIELD TO THAT ONE OF BUILDING QUALITY ENVIRONMENTS IN THE SOCIETY (ANARCHISTS,CULTURAL,HUMANISM,STRUCTURAL,ANALYTICAL,CRITICAL ETC). ALL THESE FORMATIONS BASED AND MIXED WITH ADVANCED MATHEMATICS (POSSIBILITY THEORY,LINEAR PROGRAMMING,GAME THEORY ETC),SOCIOLOGY,PSYCHOLOGY AND OTHER SCIENCES ARE TRYING TO EXAMINE AND GUESS THE BEHAVIOR OF SYSTEMS (MARKETS,PRODUCTION,TRADE,AGRICULTURE ETC)AND THEIR EFFECTS TO OUR LIVES AND STATES. FROM THE SCIENTIFIC POINT OF VIEW THAT LEVEL OF THINKING HAS CONTRIBUTED UP TO A SPECIFIC EPIPEDO FOR ORGANIZING SOCIAL LIFE. A LOT OF STUDIES HAVE TO BE DONE FOR THE EVALUATION OF THESE IDEAS,BUT THAT WAY OF ECONOMETRIC OR HOMO ECONOMICUS OPTION HAS COME TO A LIMIT.
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