“Nano Cocktail” to Target and Kill Tumors
A team of researchers in California and Massachusetts has developed a “cocktail” of different nanometer-sized particles that work in concert within the bloodstream to locate, adhere to and kill cancerous tumors.
“This study represents the first example of the benefits of employing a cooperative nanosystem to fight cancer,” said Michael Sailor, a professor of chemistry and biochemistry at the University of California, San Diego and the primary author of a paper describing the results, which is being published in a forthcoming issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. An early online version of the paper appeared last week.
In their study, the UC San Diego chemists, bioengineers at MIT and cell biologists at UC Santa Barbara developed a system containing two different nanomaterials the size of only a few nanometers, or a thousand times smaller than the diameter of a human hair, that can be injected into the bloodstream. One nanomaterial was designed to find and adhere to tumors in mice, while the second nanomaterial was fabricated to kill those tumors.
These scientists and others had previously designed nanometer-sized devices to attach to diseased cells or deliver drugs specifically to the diseased cells while ignoring healthy cells. But the functions of those devices, the researchers discovered, often conflicted with one another.
“For example, a nanoparticle that is engineered to circulate through a cancer patient’s body for a long period of time is more likely to encounter a tumor,” said Sangeeta Bhatia, a physician, bioengineer and a professor of Health Sciences and Technology at the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT and a coauthor of the study. “However, that nanoparticle may not be able to stick to tumor cells once it finds them. Likewise, a particle that is engineered to adhere tightly to tumors may not be able to circulate in the body long enough to encounter one in the first place.”
When a single drug does not work in a patient, a doctor will commonly administer a cocktail containing several drug molecules. That strategy can be very effective in the treatment of cancer, where the rationale is to attack the disease on as many fronts as possible. Drugs may sometimes work together on a single aspect of the disease, or they may attack separate functions. In either case, drug combinations can provide a greater effect than either drug alone.
Treating tumors with nanoparticles has been challenging because immune cells called mononuclear phagocytes identify them and yank them from circulation, preventing the nanomaterials from reaching their target.
Ji-Ho Park, a graduate student in Sailor’s UC San Diego laboratory, and Geoffrey von Maltzahn, a graduate student in Bhatia’s MIT laboratory, headed the effort to develop two distinct nanomaterials that would work in concert to overcome that obstacle and others. The first particle is a gold nanorod “activator’ that accumulates in tumors by seeping through its leaky blood vessels. The gold particles cover the whole tumor and behave like an antenna by absorbing otherwise benign infrared laser irradiation, which then heats up the tumor.
After the nanorods had circulated in the bloodstream of mice that had epithelial tumors for three days, the researchers used a weak laser beam to heat the rods that attached to the tumors. This sensitized the tumors, and the researchers then sent in a second nanoparticle type, composed of either iron oxide nanoworms or doxorubicin-loaded liposomes. This “responder” nanoparticle was coated with a special targeting molecule specific for the heat-treated tumor. Much of that work was done in the laboratory of Erkki Ruoslahti, a cell biologist and professor at the Burnham Institute for Medical Research at UC Santa Barbara, and another co-author of the study.
“Think of them like soldiers attacking an enemy base,” said Sailor. “The gold nanorods are the Special Forces, who come in first to mark the target. Then the Air Force flies in to deliver the laser-guided bomb. The devices are designed to minimize collateral damage to the rest of the body.”
While one type of nanoparticle improves detection of the tumor, he said, the other is designed to kill the tumor. The researchers designed one type of responder particle with strings of iron oxide, which they called “nanoworms,” that show up brightly in a medical magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI, system. The second type is a hollow nanoparticle loaded with the anti-cancer drug doxorubicin. With the drug-loaded responder, the scientists demonstrated in their experiments that a tumor growing in a mouse can be arrested and then shrunk. “The nanoworms would be useful to help the medical team identify the size and shape of a tumor in a patient before surgery, while the hollow nanoparticles might be used to kill the tumor without the need for surgery,” said Sailor.
“This study is important because it is the first example of a combined, two-part nanosystem that can produce sustained reduction in tumor volume in live animals,” said Sailor.
The project was funded by grants from the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health. Bhatia is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator.
ABOUT GREECE AND EUROPE
THE LAST MONTHS A LOTS OF DISCUSSIONS HAVE BEEN ARISED AROUND THE ECONOMIC PROBLEM OF GREECE.
SOME CYCLES ARE WHISPERING OR PUBLISHING HERE AND THERE THAT DUE TO THE COLLAPSE OF GREEK ECONOMY,EURO WILL BE DESTABILIZED.
NOBODY SPEAKS ABOUT THE MAIN PROBLEM ,AT A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE,OF THE EXISTING ECONOMIC MODEL,TO WHICH GREECE IS A PARTIAL AND SMALL CONTRIBUTOR.
LET US SEE THE DEBTS OF SOME EUROPEAN COUNTRIES (WE SHALL BE FOCUSED AT EUROPE BECAUSE IT WILL BE THE ONLY PLACE ON THE GAIA,WHICH WON'T FACE ANY KIND OF COLLAPSE OF THE MONETARY AND GENERALLY SPEAKING ECONOMIC SYSTEM,FOR REASONS WHICH CANNOT BE EXPLAINED AT THIS ARTICLE)
GROSS EXTERNAL DEBT POSITION
SOURCE THE WORLD BANK
[PLEASE CLIK TO THE TITLE FOR BEIND REDIRECTED,TO ANOTHER IMPORTANT DIAGRAM]
WE EASILY CONCLUDE THAT GREECE ISN'T THE MAIN PROBLEM.MAYBE SOME UNKNOWN CYCLES,BELIEVE THAT IT CAN BE THE PARADIGM FOR A RECOVERY.
IF THIS IS THE OPTION WE STRONGLY SUGGEST THAT IT MUST BE WELCOMED,BUT IF THE THOUGHTS ARE DIRECTING TO OTHER SOLUTIONS,WE BELIEVE THAT THIS IS UNFAIR.
GREECE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE DEBT,DOESN'T DIFFER ,MORE OR LESS,FROM THAT ONE WHICH ARE FACING ALMOST ALL THE COUNTRIES ON THE GLOBE,AND WE ALL KNOW THAT THESE DEBTS ARE OWNED MAINLY TO CENTRAL BANKS AND INTERNATIONAL MONETARY ORGANISATIONS OF DIFFERENT KINDS (THROUGH SMALLER BANK AND MONETARY INSTITUTIONS).
A CAREFUL OBSERVER AND STUDIER WILL CONCLUDE THAT TO THOSE ORGANIZATIONS,ARE PARTICIPATING A LOT OF PRIVATE FUNDS,OWNED BY NATURAL PERSONS,AT THE END OF THE CORRIDORS.
THE QUESTIONS ABOUT THE VALUES OF THE SPECIFIC ECONOMIC MODEL (IN THE GOD WE TRUST ???) ARE SUMMARIZED TO THE SIMPLE ONE
"TO WHICH FAMILIES THE CITIZENS OF THE WORLD ARE OWING THESE MONEY?"
AGGELOS CHARLAFTIS
SCIENCE AND RESEARCH CONSULTANT
PS THE STATISTICS ,INDEXES AND ECONOMIC ESTIMATIONS OF THOSE BIG ECONOMIC CONSULTANCY FIRMS WHICH HELPED A CORRUPTED SYSTEM TO BE EXPANDED ALL AROUND THE GLOBE ARE TOTALY UNDER SEVER CRITISISM AND MUST BE PENALTIZED.
China is securing an ever-bigger share of the world market with the methods of a planned economy. Competitors and economists alike are astounded by the country's seemingly unstoppable march to becoming a global economic superpower. The development has left many wondering: Does communism work after all?
Nine men dressed in dark tailored suits meet behind high, Red walls. Their secret meeting place in downtown Beijing is called Zhongnanhai, or "Middle and Southern Lake." Once part of the Forbidden City, Zhongnanhai was a place where emperors, concubines and eunuchs would spend their days concocting court intrigues. Some of the buildings from those feudal days are still standing today, joined by functional, gray and white structures built when the Chinese Communist Party established its headquarters here.
The nine men -- who constitute the Standing Committee of the Communist Party's Politburo, the most-powerful political body in the Middle Kingdom -- meet in the southern section of this refuge. Their discreet meeting is businesslike. The group's members were not elected by the people and they are not interested in being observed while governing. Cameras are banned and there is a conspicuous absence of jovial pats on the back or ready smiles for the evening news.........MORE IF YOU CLICK ON THE TITLE
IT IS A BEAUTIFUL ARTICLE WRITTEN AND POSTED AT SPIEGEL ON 02/27/2007
WHICH COMBINED WITH THE BELOW LAID SPEECH OF PRESIDENT'S OBAMA,QUESTIONS THE NOWADAYS POLICIES OF THESE OLD ECONOMIC THEORIES ABILITIES AND VALIDITY.
WHAT EUROPE'S INLANDS HAVE TAUGHT TO CANADAWhat Toronto can teach New York and London
There’s something about Canada that inspires gentle mockery from foreigners, especially those who live south of the border. Kelly Ripa, the co-host of a popular US talk show, this month engaged in an extended on-air riff with her husband (don’t ask) about the absurdity of Canadian place names; Regina came in for a particular beating. South Park once invented a ditty – “Blame Canada” – devoted to bashing the Great White North. And at the elite end of the spectrum, Michael Kinsley, then editor of The New Republic, wondered what the most boring possible headline for a news story might be, and determined that “Worthwhile Canadian Initiative” was the winner.
This tendency to react to the mere mention of Canada with either yawns or guffaws may be why, as the world struggles to figure out what went wrong in 2007 and 2008, not much international attention is being devoted to figuring out what went right in Canada. Canada is the only G7 country to survive the financial crisis without a state bail-out for its financial sector. Two of the world’s 15 most highly valued financial institutions – a list dominated by China – are Canadian and a recent World Economic Forum report rated the Canadian banking system the world’s soundest. Even Barack Obama, on the eve of a visit last year to Ottawa, the Canadian capital, admitted: “In the midst of the enormous economic crisis, I think Canada has shown itself to be a pretty good manager of the financial system and the economy in ways that we haven’t always been.”
One of the most important policy debates today – particularly in countries hardest hit by the crash, such as the US and UK – is what caused the crisis and what should be done to prevent a repetition. Inevitably, the discussion is hypothetical: even if we could agree on exactly what went wrong, no one can prove that any recommended policy changes would have averted the meltdown. That’s where Canada comes in. It is a real-world, real-time example of a banking system in a medium-sized, advanced capitalist economy that worked. Understanding why the Canadian system survived could be a key to making the rest of the west equally robust.
The first argument you are likely to hear when you start asking what made Canada different is cultural. Depending on your degree of fondness for Canucks, this thesis comes down to the notion that Canadians are either too nice or too dull to indulge in the no-holds-barred, plundering capitalism that created such a spectacular boom, and eventual bust, in more aggressive societies. A senior official in Ottawa likes to say that Canadian bankers are “boring, but in a good way. They are more interested in balance sheets than in high society. They don’t go to the opera.” Some of them – including the chief executive of the Royal Bank of Canada, the country’s largest bank – have never even been to Davos. According to Matt Winkler, editor-in-chief of Bloomberg News, “Canadians are like hobbits. They are just not as rapacious as Americans.” And Paul Volcker, the legendary inflation-slaying former head of the US Federal Reserve and an adviser to Obama, told me that Canada’s strength is “partly a cultural thing – they are more conservative”.
Roger Martin, dean of the Rotman School of Business at the University of Toronto – I should admit here that not only am I Canadian, but I also serve on Martin’s advisory board – went to Harvard and Harvard Business School and worked as a management consultant in Boston. His professional experience on both sides of the border has convinced him there is a meaningful cultural difference, one which he traces to the founding philosophies of the two north American states: “We are ‘peace, order and good government’. They are into the pursuit of happiness. The US banks were pursuing their own happiness, with sort of an ideological assumption that it would all work out fine.”
The culture of Canada’s bankers also gets high marks from the governor of the Bank of Canada. Born in the Northwest Territories, educated at Harvard and Oxford, and trained in global markets during a 13-year stint at Goldman Sachs, Mark Carney brings an international perspective to his elegant boardroom with its 10ft windows overlooking Parliament Hill. Asked to account for the resilience of his country’s banking system, Carney started with the fact that “Canadian bankers are still bankers. They still – through the organisations and up to the top of the organisation – are proficient at managing credit risk and market risk … they have retained a banking culture through[out] the organisation.”
In the skyscrapers of Toronto’s Bay Street, Canada’s banking hub, with their sweeping views over Lake Ontario, the cultural thesis wins some support, too. Sprawled in an armchair in his eighth-floor office, Gordon Nixon, the lanky, bespectacled chief executive of Royal Bank of Canada, admitted that “the US system is less risk-averse than the Canadian system”.
Ed Clark, CEO of TD, Canada’s second-largest bank, works from a fourth floor office just around the corner from Nixon’s. He told me that “I don’t take myself so seriously. US bankers maybe see themselves as more important than we do.” In Clark’s view, Canadian culture imposes a limit on CEO megalomania: “Canada is a more egalitarian society; Canadians are less hierarchical. In the US, you can tell people to do something. In Canada, you have to ask them to do something – and hope they will do it!”
. . .
The most convincing testimony I heard to Canada’s culturally distinct approach to banking came during an interview at RBC’s offices on the southern tip of Manhattan. There I met Kevin Lewis, a 44-year-old investment banker wearing a navy suit but no tie, with a shaven head. Lewis used to work at Lehman Brothers, one of Wall Street’s most aggressive firms, until it went bankrupt. “I don’t want to sound condescending to Canadians,” he said, “but there is a ‘being nice’ mentality that exists in the institution. There is a priority on decorum, on being friendly, on being collegial. It’s a subtle thing. It is like soft music playing, rather than hard rock.”
The financial crisis has given this sort of argument fresh intellectual respectability. One of the winners in the crash was behavioural economics, with its emphasis on the ways in which individual and group psychology shape financial outcomes. If you buy this approach, Canada’s small “c” conservatism and its egalitarianism may well have served as a check on excessive risk-taking: it is hard to be a shoot-’em-up frontiersman when your cultural hero is the law-enforcing Mountie.
Yet I’m cautious about buying the niceness argument wholesale. What seems prudent in the immediate aftermath of the crisis may well seem dangerously stagnant once we focus again on innovation and growth. Even now, Lewis told me, being nice is not exactly a compliment on Wall Street, and he was anxious to qualify such impressions: “We have all the competitiveness and drive to succeed, we just don’t have some of the hard elbows that characterise it elsewhere.” A friend who runs a hedge fund in Toronto and who conforms to the stereotype of that sub-species – a 51-year-old, loft-living bachelor who runs marathons and cycles competitively – put it more directly. “Please,” he wrote in an e-mail, “don’t say it is just because we Canadian bankers are all so boring!!!”
Moreover, while the Canadian hobbits are to the fore at the moment, the country has had its orcs, too. Indeed, two of America’s most notorious corporate felons were born Canadian: WorldCom’s Bernie Ebbers and Hollinger’s Conrad Black. There are other examples in Canada itself: BreX, one of the mining industry’s great scams, was a Calgary company. Canada even had its own home-grown embarrassment in the financial crisis when, in the summer of 2007, its asset-backed commercial paper market threatened to collapse.
Most important of all, one of the lessons of the global economic transformation of the past 20 years is that when incentives change, cultures can change, too. Two decades ago, selling a pair of jeans was illegal in Russia; now that country is home to some of the most aggressive capitalists on the planet.
If Canadian culture isn’t the key, the alternative explanation must be the country’s rules and institutions. TD’s Ed Clark, who spent a decade in federal government from 1974 to 1984, favours this argument. “There’s probably a range of views, from heroic bankers to heroic regulators,” he told me. “While it might make me unpopular in my industry, I think the key is the structure of the industry.”
The civil servants who police Canada’s banking system agree. The industry’s senior watchdog is Julie Dickson, a delicate-featured blonde who heads the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (OSFI). In person, Dickson is the embodiment of all of those putatively Canadian national virtues – she is quiet, deliberate and so much of a self-effacing team-player that she would not allow a national magazine to illustrate a recent profile of her with a photograph on its cover.
But Dickson believes it is rules and not individuals that account for her sector’s survival. She points to three specific restrictions: capital requirements, quality of capital and a leverage ratio. “We had a tier one capital target of 7 per cent going back to 1999,” she says, referring to the proportion of the bank’s equity considered to be of the highest grade. “We also paid attention to quality of capital, so 75 per cent of that tier one had to be in common shares [as opposed to preferred stock, which is considered a hybrid of equity and debt]. And our leverage ratio [of debt to equity], of 20 to 1, was very important, we think.”
Mark Carney at the Bank of Canada cited those same three rules, and this nearly word-perfect unanimity between the two speaks to a fourth, structural advantage – Canada’s uncomplicated and well co-ordinated regulatory framework. This consists of the central bank, which is responsible for the stability of the overall system; the superintendent, responsible for the stability of the financial institutions; a consumer protection agency, which looks out for individuals; and the finance ministry which sets the broad rules on ownership of financial institutions and the design of financial products such as mortgages and tax-deferred investment vehicles. The four actors meet regularly. As a result, says Robert Palter, director at McKinsey in Toronto, “there are no gaps.”
The way rules are enforced seems to matter, too. The Canadian system is based on principles, rather than rules. It is about the spirit, rather than the letter, of the law. For Dickson, that means “we want to be told everything that is going on. We don’t want to have a list of boxes that we tick because that’s not very effective.” She is particularly disdainful of a legalistic approach. “Having lawyers looking at this line or that clause and debating with you about whether something is do-able or not is not the right conversation to have. The right conversation is the principle. You have to know what risks you are undertaking.”
The bank chiefs seem to get the message. According to Clark, whose TD bank has significant operations in the US: “The message in the US is it’s your responsibility to meet our rules. In Canada, the responsibility is to run the institution right. Julie says [to the CEO]: you are the chief risk officer of the bank.”
Dickson gets executives’ attention in part by attending bank board meetings, including a session with just the non-executive directors. Geoff Beattie, one of Canada’s most influential investors and a member of the RBC board, says Dickson’s reports “have a big impact. It creates a nice check and balance in the boardroom when they are focused on being real risk managers and regulators for Canadian banks”.
With hindsight, all of this seems obvious: lots of quality capital, limits on leverage and a simple and co-ordinated regulatory system that forces bank bosses to take personal responsibility for managing risk. But it didn’t look that way five or 10 years ago when, across the world, financial engineering was in vogue and light-touch regulation seemed a prerequisite for success. The real mystery is why Canadian policy-makers weren’t tempted to get into that race to the bottom, and why their bankers didn’t push them into it.
One reason may be that on his first day as finance minister in 1993, Paul Martin got very scared. Martin, a snowy-haired, charming Anglophone businessman now living in Montreal, who went on to serve as prime minister, remembers that “the first file on my desk was Confederation Life” – an insurance company that eventually failed. “We had gone through a period of failures of trust companies,” Martin recalled. “Personally, the lessons … were very important.”
Martin decided that his job was to figure out how to make sure “these things never happened again”. David Dodge, who went on to become governor of the Bank of Canada, was deputy minister of finance at the time. He, too, remembers the early 1990s as a formative period. “We were starting out basically not knowing how to deal with this. It prompted a decade of legislative change.”
For Martin and Dodge, there was a shared conviction, as Martin told me, that “we could never afford to go through with our banks what we went through with our trust system. I knew there was going to be a banking crisis and so did everyone else who has read any history. I just wanted to be damn sure that when a crisis occurred it wouldn’t occur in Canada.”
Don Drummond, now the chief economist at TD, was a senior official at the finance ministry in the 1990s. “The perspective of government on the financial sector is: ‘We are the regulator – our job is to tell you what to do, not to help it grow,’” he told me. “The government has always felt its job was to say no.” Because of this, Martin and his team were uninterested in what became the contest to create the most attractive haven for global capital. Canada raised its capital requirements as they were lowered in other parts of the world. “I think one of the things that happened was the great competition between New York and London pushed the two into more of a light touch in terms of regulation,” Martin recalled. “I remember talking to [the regulator] and we agreed that we were not prepared to take that approach. Light-touch regulation in an industry that was totally dependent on solvency didn’t make any sense.”
Again, with hindsight, Canada’s opt-out seems logical. But it wasn’t seen that way at the time. One measure of how powerfully the country was swimming against the tide is that the International Monetary Fund chided Canada for not doing enough to promote securitisation – restructuring debt into tradeable financial instruments – in its mortgage market. Even communist China accused Canadians of being too cautious about capitalism. Jim Flaherty, Canada’s finance minister, recalls that on a visit to Beijing in 2007, “they were suggesting that maybe Canadian banks were too timid.”
Canada’s bright young things were sympathetic to this critique. One newspaper columnist liked to write about “the tale of two Royals”, comparing the stodgy Royal Bank of Canada with its buccaneering, world-beating Edinburgh cousin, the Royal Bank of Scotland. A Canadian finance executive who spent the 1990s in Toronto and now lives in Asia sheepishly recalls thinking: “Come on, guys, get in the game! The world’s changing.”
Although they don’t like to admit to it now, some of Canada’s bankers sang along with this deregulatory chorus. But somehow they failed to effect the kind of change seen elsewhere. One reason is certainly the resolute attitude of the Canadian government – its national-stereotype-busting toughness was most clearly seen when Martin refused to allow the banks to merge. But another reason Canadian banks didn’t persuade the government to loosen up was that they didn’t try very hard. “I received huge pressure on the mergers,” Martin told me. “But when I raised tier one capital I did not receive delegations of bankers to protest. They didn’t raise hell.”
The source of that restraint isn’t that Canadian bankers are culturally cautious or naturally nice. It is that the structure of their business allows them to make very healthy profits without taking extreme risks. As David Dodge puts it, “You had a set of banks that had essentially very profitable domestic commercial banking franchises. They had to be pretty bad in their other businesses to lose money overall.”
The heart of the franchise – and probably the true key to the stability of the Canadian financial sector – is mortgages. Unlike many of the economies that were hardest hit by the crisis, particularly the US and the UK, Canada has a highly restrictive mortgage market. All mortgages with less than a 20 per cent down payment must be insured. Adjustable-rate and interest-only mortgages are practically unheard of. One obvious result is a more robust mortgage market: Palter at McKinsey says that less than 1 per cent of Canadian mortgages are currently in default, compared with 10 per cent in the US, with almost no difference in the home ownership rate, around 67 per cent in both countries.
The regulator’s emphasis on quality of capital means that instead of securitising most of their mortgages – according to Palter, in 2007, 27 per cent of Canadian mortgages were securitised, compared with 67 per cent in the US – banks held on to them. According to Carney, the central banker, if you run a Canadian bank, your calculation is that “at the start of the year, I know I have got $1bn net of income, because they are Canadian mortgages. I know I have very low credit risk. Why would I get rid of that earnings base?”
Palter offers this comparison with the US banking sector: “The big Canadian banks typically generate return on equity of between 13 per cent and 20 per cent, and rarely produce negative returns on equity. Comparable US banks earn ROEs that range from negative 25 per cent to 10 per cent over the past 18 months.”
“We are extremely non-capital-intensive,” TD’s Ed Clark told me. “That is because of the regulatory regime. If we were an American bank I couldn’t do it. I would be forced up the yield curve.”
To figure out why Canada survived the banking crisis, I visited Ottawa and Toronto, talking to regulators, central bankers, investment bankers and investors. It turns out that I could have found the answer on the streets of my hometown, asking my father’s neighbours about the terms of their mortgages. For more credit-addicted societies, this may, however, be the hardest part of the Canadian experience to replicate: it is one thing for voters to support tougher rules for banks, it is quite another to agree to tougher rules for themselves.
“At the heart of the problem was the fact that you had this bubble in US residential real estate that was fed by inappropriate lending standards; it was fed by public policy,” RBC’s Gordon Nixon told me. “In Canada, that was the strongest asset class throughout this crisis.”
In my conversations with Canadian bankers, one of the things that struck me was how often they referred to mothers. Nixon mentioned his mother and her good opinion when explaining why he gave back his bonus in 2008; Clark uses the mother-in-law test, as in “Would you sell it to your mother-in-law?” to help TD employees figure out if they should be hawking a product to their customers. In an era when Wall Street investment banks issue notes warning their clients they may be short-selling the investments they are marketing, this sounds like a charmingly Canadian attitude. But it is easier to be nice if you don’t need to be nasty just to make a buck.
By Chrystia Freeland
Chrystia Freeland is the FT’s US managing editor. Her last piece for the magazine was about Russian journalists working in Ukraine
OUR COMPANY BASED ON SHAREHOLDING LEGISLATION CONSISTS OF EXPERTS IN THE FIELD OF ECONOMICS,LAWS,ENGINEERING,CONSULTING,TECHNOLOGY,ECOLOGY,CAPITALISING WHICH ARE WORKING WITH PASSION TO IMPLEMENT OUR VALUES.(published by think tank IAMBLICHUS team)
